Spitting Up by Infants (Reflux)

What is spitting up?

Spitting up (also called regurgitation or reflux) is the effortless spitting up of one or two mouthfuls of stomach contents. Formula or breast milk just rolls out of the mouth, often with a burp. It usually happens during or shortly after feedings. It begins in the first weeks of life. Normal reflux doesn’t cause any crying.

Spitting up is harmless as long as your infant doesn't spit up large amounts that interfere with normal weight gain.

This condition is also called gastroesophageal reflux (GE reflux). Infants with normal reflux do not need any tests or medicines.

What is the cause?

Spitting up results from poor closure of the valve (ring of muscle) at the upper end of the stomach. Spitting up is normal and harmless for over half of all babies. It becomes a problem if it causes poor weight gain (from spitting up large amounts), choking and breathing it back in, or acid damage to the lower esophagus (reflux esophagitis). These complications occur in less than 1% of infants.

How long does it last?

Spitting up improves with age. By 7 months of age, most reflux has decreased or is gone. The reasons for this are probably because the baby is old enough to sit up or is eating solid foods. By the time your baby has been walking for 3 months, even severe reflux should be totally cleared up.

How can I take care of my child?

• Feed smaller amounts.

  Overfeeding always makes spitting up worse. If the stomach is filled to capacity, spitting up is more likely. If your baby is gaining well, give him smaller amounts (at least 1 ounce less than you have been giving). Your baby doesn't have to finish a bottle. Wait at least 2 and 1/2 hours between feedings because it takes that long for the stomach to empty itself. Caution: skip this advice if your baby is less than 1 month old or is not gaining well.

• Avoid pressure on your child's abdomen.

  Avoid tight diapers. They put added pressure on the stomach. Don't put pressure on the stomach or play vigorously with him right after meals.

• Burp your child to reduce spitting up.

  Burp your baby two or three times during each feeding. Do it when he pauses and looks around. Don't interrupt his feeding rhythm in order to burp him. Burp each time for less than 1 minute. Stop even if no burp occurs. Some babies don’t need to burp.

  Keep in mind that burping is less important than giving smaller feedings and avoiding tight diapers. Also cut back on pacifier time. Constant sucking can pump the stomach up with air.

• Keep your child in a vertical position after meals.

  After meals, try to keep your baby in an upright position using a frontpack, backpack, or swing for 30 minutes. When your infant is in an infant seat, keep him from getting scrunched up by putting a pad under his buttocks so he's more stretched out. After your child is over 6 months old, a jumpy seat or infant activity station can be helpful for maintaining an upright posture after meals.

• Use a proper sleep position.

  Most infants with spitting up problems can sleep on their backs, the position recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS. Sleeping in a car seat may also reduce reflux. Again, put a pad in the low spot so your baby isn't too scrunched up. Try to elevate the head of the bed a bit. If your child is having breathing problems (choking or sleep apnea), talk to your provider.

• Add rice cereal to formula.

  If your infant still spits up large amounts after all the previous treatments have been tried, you can try thickening the formula with rice cereal. Add 1 level teaspoon of rice cereal to each ounce of formula.

• Acid blockers, if baby develops esophagitis.

  Most infants with reflux do not develop heartburn (lower esophagitis). The few who do may need temporary reduction of stomach acid, usually for 4 weeks. Most excessive crying in young babies is caused by colic, not esophagitis. Acid blockers do not help colic.

When should I call my child's healthcare provider?

Call IMMEDIATELY if:

• You see blood or bile (green color) in the spit-up material.
• The spitting up causes your child to choke or stop breathing for more than 10 seconds.

Call during office hours if:

• Spitting up changes to vomiting (forceful or projectile).
• Your baby doesn't seem to improve with this approach.
• Your baby does not gain weight normally.
• You have other concerns or questions.